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M. Boyce, I. K. Poonawala, P. Beaumont “water.” i. The concept of water in ancient Iranian culture. ii. Water in Muslim Iranian culture. iii. The hydrology and water resources of the Iranian plateau. R. Holod, M. Sotūda “water reservoir.” i. History. ii. Construction. The term āb-anbār is common throughout Iran as a designation for roofed underground water cisterns. In Turkmenistan the term sardāba is found for similar structures. Early Islamic sources in Arabic appear to use the words eṣṭaḵr for a covered tank or cistern (Le Strange, Lands, pp. 276, 285); and in 14th to 16th century texts, maṣnaʿ can be understood as designating a cistern. H. Gaube or ĀB-DEZ, a major river of Ḵūzestān, the one most vital to its economy. It rises in the central Zagros mountains about 20 km (all distances are given in a straight line) northeast of Borūǰerd near the village of Čahār Borra. Flowing past Borūǰerd to the west, it runs southeast until it is joined near Do Rūd, some 60 km southeast of Borūǰerd, by the Mārbora flowing from the east. The combined waters of both rivers then flow southwest through a narrow, often gorgelike valley for about 70 km, as far as Kešvar. ... E. Ehlers “warm water”: hot springs and mineral springs in Iran. Since detailed geological investigations in Iran have been sporadic, there is no single comprehensive study of its thermal springs. Information about them is incomplete and unsystematic. It may be assumed that thermal springs are located, above all, in the geologically youngest parts of the country, that is, in the region of tertiary mountain folds and their foothills, and along tectonic fault lines. Another sign of thermal or mineral springs must surely be the widely distributed place-name Āb-e Garm. ... See ĀB ii. C. E. Bosworth “still water,” a salt lake in the province of Ḡazna in modern Afghanistan, lying 30 km southeast of the present Ḡazna-Kandahār highway and 100 km south of Ḡazna itself, latitude 32°30 ′N, longitude 67°55 ′E, at an altitude of 2,130 m above sea level. The lake, some 25 km by 10 km in size but very shallow, is fed by the river of Ḡazna, and out of it the river Lora flows down to the Arḡandāb. N. Ramazani (or ĀB-E ḠŪRA), the juice of ḡūra, i.e., unripe grapes. (The term is applied secondarily to other unripe fruit. For examples of the term ḡūra in literature, see Dehḵodā, fasc. no. 74, pp. 361-62.) Such juice, sour and highly acidic, is used in Persian cuisine both for its own sake and as a substitute for lemon juice. ... EIr and N. Ramazani literally “water-meat” signifying “meat juice” (i.e., āb-e gūšt), a popular Persian meat-based soup or stew, consisting of lamb, some legume, and herb and seasoning. Currently the standard variety of āb-gūšt is made of lamb shank (māhīča), dried chick peas, white beans, and potato, with salt, turmeric, and dried Persian lime (līmū-ye ʿomānī) for seasoning. ... M. Boyce “Nāhīd of the Water,” a Zoroastrian woman’s name, first attested in the poem Vis o Rāmīn (sec. 9, line. 5). This poem is held to be a composition of the late Parthian period, but was translated subsequently into Middle Persian, and finally into the classical Persian version which alone survives. Hence the exact form of the name in the Parthian period remains uncertain. In the poem its bearer is said to be a noble lady of Isfahan, the daughter of a scribe (debīr). M. Boyce “offering of water,” the Middle Persian for of a Zoroastrian technical term, Av. Ape zaoθra. Currently, the Irani Zoroastrians speak of āb-zōr (Dari, with metathesis, ōw-rūz), while the Parsis use a half-Gujarati expression, zor-melavvi “giving the offering.” H. Algar (in Arabic, also ʿabāʾa and ʿabāya), a loose outer garment, generally for men, worn widely throughout the Middle East, particularly by Arab nomads. In Iran the ʿabāʾ is used almost exclusively by religious scholars. In its most common form, that prevalent in Syria and Arabia, the ʿabāʾ has the form of a loose cloak; open in the front, it is kept closed neither by buttons nor by belt. It is without sleeves, but the arms are passed through side openings which serve also to keep the ʿabāʾ in place on the shoulders. J. Van Ess Arabic theological term meaning “eternity a parte post” (already in early Muʿtazilite theology); it corresponds to Greek atıleuton. It sometimes also serves as a general term for unlimited time (dahr). Abad and its opposing term, azal (“eternity a parte ante”) represent different aspects of qedam, “eternity.” A suggested derivation is from the Middle Persian *a-pād, “without foot (i.e., without end).” For a surmise on the Iranian origin of azal, see Monnot in bibliography. C. E. Bosworth 1. The name of a small town in northern Fārs province, lying to the northeast of the chaîne magistrale of the Zagros, latitude 31°11 ′N, longitude 52°40 ′E, at an altitude of 2,011 m/6,200 feet. It is on the easterly (formally the winter, now the all-weather) main Isfahan-Shiraz highway, 204 km from the former and 280 km from the latter city. A branch road from the highway, leaving it at Abarqūh, connects Ābāda with Yazd. L. P. Elwell-Sutton, X. de Planhol island and city in the ostān (province) of Ḵūzestān at the head of the Persian Gulf. The island is bounded by the Šaṭ ṭ-al-ʿarab on the west, the Kārūn on the north, the Bahmanš īr on the east, and the Persian Gulf on the south. The island, 64 km long and from 3 to 20 km wide, thus forms part of the combined delta of the Kārūn, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers, together with their numerous tributaries, including the Karḵa and the Gorgor. Ahmad Ashraf Persian term meaning “settlement, inhabited space;” it is applied basically to the rural environment, but in colloquial usage it often refers to towns and cities as well. The Persian word derives from Middle Persian āpāt, “developed, thriving, inhabited, cultivated” (see H. S. Nyberg, A Manual of Pahlavi II, Wiesbaden, 1974, p. 25); the Middle Persian word is based on the Old Iranian directional adverb ā, “to, in” and the root pā, “protect.” Ilya Yakubovich Ossetic-Russian Iranologist and general linguist (b. K’obi, Georgia, 15 December 1900; d. Moscow, 18 March 2001). Aḥmad Tafażżolī Zoroastrian of the 9th century A.D. who apostatized to Islam (hence his epithets in Pahlavi , “accursed” [gizistag/guǰastag] and “heretic” [zandīg]). His original name was Day-Ohrmazd, and he apparently adopted an Arabic one after his conversion. M. Boyce Middle Persian term, “the waters” (Av. āpō). In Indo-Iranian the word for water is grammatically feminine; the element itself was always characterized as female and was represented by a group of goddesses, the Āpas. These evidently represented water apprehended in its diversity, whether as countless waves and droplets or as innumerable separate streams, pools, and wells. The link between them and the element they personified was very close. I. Abbas B. LĀHEQ, called LĀHEQĪ, late 2nd/8th century poet. He was of a Persian family, originally from Fasā, which had settled (probably at an early date) in Baṣra. Abān was born there, and he flourished in the period of the Barmakīs. By his own account, he was of average and graceful stature, with a handsome face and lank beard. He was well versed in the learning and culture of Baṣra, including mathematics, grammar, rhetoric, and literature. M. Boyce the eighth month of the Zoroastrian year, dedicated to the Waters, Ābān (q.v.). From the 5th to the beginning of the 11th century A.D., as a result of the second Sasanian calendar reform (see Calendar, Zoroastrian), Ābān Māh became the twelfth month of the religious “leaping” (wihēzag) year, with five epagomenae, the Gāthā days, set between it and Āḏar Māh (q.v.). M. Boyce Middle Persian (Pazand) name of the fifth among the Zoroastrian hymns to individual divinities. It is the third longest, with 131 verses (only Farvardīn and Mihr Yašt are longer). Although the name indicates that the hymn is devoted to the Waters (Ābān), the Lady Ardvīsūr (Bānū Ardvīsūr) is invoked in the Middle Persian preliminaries; and the Avestan xšnūman (dedication) dedicates its recital to the satisfaction of “the water Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā, the righteous. the name used by Bīrūnī (Āṯār, p. 224) for the Zoroastrian feast-day dedicated to the Waters, which was celebrated on the day Ābān of the month Ābān. See further under ĀBĀN MĀH. W. L. Hanaway, Jr. character in the prose romance Dārābnāma (q.v.) of Abū Ṭāher Moḥammad b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Mūsā al-Ṭarsūsī (q.v.), a storyteller of the Ghaznavid period. A lengthy tale, which includes a version of the Iranian Alexander romance, the Dārābnāma probably took its present written form in the 6th/12th century. It purports to recount the adventures of Dārāb and his son, likewise named Dārāb, the latter representing Darius III. P. Jackson (or ABAḠA, “paternal uncle” in Mongolian; ABĀQĀ in Persian and Arabic), eldest son and first successor of the Il-khan Hülegü (q.v.; Hūlāgū). He was born of Yesünčin Ḵātūn in Jomādā I, 631/February, 1234 in Mongolia, and accompanied his father on his great expedition to the west. ʿA.-N. Monzavi a large Arabic work by Mīr Ḥāmed Ḥosayn b. Moḥammad-qolī b. Moḥammad b. Ḥāmed of Lucknow on the legitimacy of the imamate and the defense of Shiʿite theology. The book, arranged in two parts, is one of several refutations of Toḥfa eṯnāʿašarīya (specifically chap. 7) by ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz Fārūqī Dehlavī (d. 1239/1823-24). See EBER-NĀRĪ. M. Kasheff late Sasanian name of Qešm (q.v.) island in the Straits of Hormoz. It occurs in this form (Balaḏorī, Fotūḥ, p. 386) and as Abarkāfān (Nozhat al-qolūb, p. 186), Barkāvān (Ebn Ḥawqal, p. 183; Ebn al-Aṯīr, III, p. 41), Banū Kāvān (Masʿūdī, Morūǰ I, p. 240; Ebn al-Balḵī, pp. 113-14), etc. (For a more ancient name of the island, see BROḴT.) C. E. Bosworth ancient town of lower Iraq between Baṣra and Vāseṭ, to the east of the Tigris, in the region adjacent to Ahvāz, known in pre-Islamic and early Islamic times as Mēšūn (Mid. Pers. form) or Maysān/Mayšān (Syriac and Arabic forms). The correct form of the town name is given by Dīnavarī (al-Aḵbār al-ṭewāl, pp. 68, 124). C. E. Bosworth, R. Hillenbrand (or ABARQŪYA), a town in northern Fārs; it was important in medieval times, but, being off the main routes, it is now largely decayed. H. Gaube name of Nīšāpūr province in western Khorasan. From the early Sasanian period, Nīšāpūr, which was founded or rebuilt by Šāpūr I in the first years of his reign, was the administrative center of the province. On a Sasanian clay sealing, the names of Abaršahr and Nīšāpūr appear together. In the inscription of Šāpūr I at Naqš-e Rostam and in Manichean texts, Abaršahr is mentioned in various spellings. E. Yarshater (APURSĀM in Middle Persian), a dignitary and high-ranking officeholder of the court of the Sasanian king Ardašīr I (A.D. 226-42). According to Ṭabarī (I, pp. 816, 818; cf. Ebn al-Aṯīr, I, p. 247), Abarsām became Ardašīr’s chief minister (vuzurgframaḏār ; see Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser, p. 9, n. 2, on the reading of the title) when the king conquered Eṣṭaḵr; he was responsible for defeating the king of Ahvāz, whom Ardavān, the last Parthian king of kings, had sent against Ardašīr. C. J. Brunner Middle Persian for of the Avestan name Upāiri.saēna, designating the Hindu Kush mountains (Average. iškata; Mid. Pers. kōf, gar) of central and eastern Afghanistan. Yašt 19.3 lists it as one of the ranges envisaged as spurs of the High Harā (see Alborz), which, as the mythical world-encircling range, is the source of the mountains. C. E. Bosworth (ĀBASKŪN), a port of the medieval period on the southwest shore of the Caspian Sea in Gorgān province. Perhaps it should be connected with the Sōkanda river in ancient Hyrcania mentioned by Ptolemy (Geographia 6.9.2.). It seems to have been at or near the mouth of the Gorgān river (the Herand river in Ḥodūd al-ʿālam). N. Sims-Williams (i.e., “Father” Isaiah), late 4th century A.D., author of Christian ascetical texts; from these it appears that he was a hermit who lived in the desert of Scete in Egypt, of whom several anecdotes are told in the Apophthegmata patrum (q.v.). The generally accepted identification of him with the Monophysite Isaiah of Gaza (d. ca. 488) has recently been refuted (see R. Draguet, Les cinq recensions de l’Ascéticon syriaque d’Abba Isaïe, CSCO, Scriptores Syri, CXX-CXXIII, Louvain, 1968). W. Madelung (or SOLAYMĀN) B. ʿALĪ AL-ṢAYMARĪ, ABŪ SAHL, Muʿtazili theologian of the 3rd/9th century. Although Ebn al-Nadīm calls him a Basran, his nesba indicates that he came from Ṣaymara in southwestern Jebāl. He must have been born before the year 200/816, for his teacher in Muʿtazili theology, Hešām b. ʿAmr Fovaṭī, appears to have died not later than 218/833. R. M. Savory styled “the Great,” king of Iran (996-1038/1588-1629) of the Safavid dynasty, third son and successor of Solṭān Moḥammad Shah. He was born on 1 Ramażān 978/27 January 1571, and died in Māzandarān on Jomādā I 1038/19 January 1629, after reigning for forty-two lunar and forty-one solar years. R. M. Savory king of Iran (1052-77/1642-66) of the Safavid dynasty. The son of Shah Ṣafī, he was born on 18 Jomādā II 1043/20 December 1633, and succeeded his father on 12 Ṣafar 1052/12 May 1642, when he was only eight and a half years old; he died on 26 Rabīʿ II 1077/25 September 1666. R. M. Savory son of Shah Ṭahmāsp II, roi fainéant of the Safavid dynasty. After the deposition of his father by Nāder Khan Afšār in Rabīʿ I, 1145/August, 1732, the eight-month-old ʿAbbās was invested as ʿAbbās III on 17 Rabīʿ I 1145/ 7 September 1732 (or possibly earlier). Nāder Khan, who was the real ruler of the country, dropped his own now obviously inappropriate style of Ṭahmāsp-qolī Khan and assumed the titles of vakīl-al-dawla (deputy of the state) and nāʾeb-al-salṭana (viceroy). D. M. Dunlop leader with ʿAmr al-Azraq (Masʿūdī: al-Afvah) of an Arab invasion of the lower Euphrates region in which the Savād of Iraq was ravaged, about A.D. 589, toward the end of the reign of Hormozd IV. This event is represented by some ancient historians as part of a coalition of the enemies of Iran. The Arab invasion was probably made from Baḥrayn (see Baḷʿamī). J. Calmard a half brother of Imam Ḥosayn who fought bravely at the battle of Karbalā. ʿAbbās was killed, according to most traditions, on the day of ʿĀšurĀ (10 Moḥarram 61/10 October 680) while trying to bring back water from the Euphrates river to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged Ahl-e Bayt (holy family). C. Cahen ŠĪRĀZĪ, ABU’L-FAŻL, Buyid vizier, d. 362/973. He first appears after the death of Mohallabī, the Shiʿi vizier of Moʿezz-al-dawla, as chief of the dīwān al-nafaqāt, the bureau of expenditures. He was subsequently charged with the functions, but not the title, of the vizierate jointly with Ebn Fasānǰos (Abu’l-Faraǰ), another official of the regime. The history of the period is characterized by rivalries among high dignitaries in the administration and their clients, the amassing of considerable fortunes, and maneuvers to force restitution from those who benefited from their positions. P. P. Soucek calligrapher and civil servant, b. at Tāker-e Nūr in Māzandarān, d. 1255/1839-40 and buried in Naǰaf. According to one account, he joined the entourage of Emām-verdī Mīrzā b. Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah, under whose protection he achieved fame and wealth, including sumptuous residences in Tehran and Tāker. But in 1251/1835, after twenty years of prosperity, ʿAbbās suffered a reverse of fortune; his home in Tāker was destroyed by a flood, and he was forced to retire from government service. See ʿABD-AL-BAHĀʾ. H. Busse son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah and father of the line of Qajar rulers from Moḥammad Shah on. He was born on 4 Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa 1203/26 August 1789 in the town of Navā, Māzandarān. His mother, Āsīya Ḵānom, was a daughter of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Khan Devellū; Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah had married her at the behest of Āqā Moḥammad Shah. A Qoyonlū on his father’s side and a Devellū on his mother’s, ʿAbbās Mīrzā, the future crown prince, united in his person the two main branches of the Qajar tribes. J. W. Allan a signature found on a number of pieces of metalwork from Iran; three different individuals or workshops should probably be distinguished. D. M. Lang Persian viceroy in eastern Georgia, 1099-1105/1688-94, under the Safavid shahs Solaymān and Solṭān Ḥosayn. ʿAbbās-qolī Khan’s ill-starred intervention in Georgian affairs arose from the Persian court’s desire to achieve direct control over the Georgian vassal provinces. This action involved a policy of divide and rule and the exploiting of dynastic feuds between the local Georgian Bagratid rulers of Kartli, residing in Tiflis, and the related Bagratid kings of neighboring Kakheti. H. Busse son of Ebrāhīm Khan Ẓahīr-al-dawla and, through his mother (the princess Dawlatgeldī, titled Navvāb-e motaʿālīa), a grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. When Ẓahīr-al-dawla, governor of Kermān since 1218/1803, went to Tehran in 1240/1824, he appointed ʿAbbās-qolī Mīrzā as his deputy in Kermān. The latter took precedence over governor’s own twenty-one sons, thanks to his high-born mother. W. Kleiss flourishing caravan station of the Safavid period. It was located 92 km southeast of Varāmīn in the Sīāh-kūh, and it lay on the Safavid royal highway which led from Isfahan to the Safavid fortresses in Māzandarān. The itinerary was: Isfahan - Dombī - Čahārābād - Sardahān - Qaḷʿa-ye Sangī -Ḵāledābād - Āb-e Garm - Safīdāb - ʿAbbāsābād - Rāh-e Sangfarš (a causeway across the salt desert) - Rasma - Amīnābād - Fīrūzkūh (Gadōk) - Pol-e Safīd - Sārī - the fortresses of Faraḥābād and Ašraf. Kamran Ekbal fortress built in 1810 by ʿAbbās Mīrzā (q.v.) on the northern bank of the Araxes river (q.v.). Erected at a place formerly called Yazdābād about six miles to the southwest of Naḵjavān city, the fortress commanded the passage of the Araxes and was of special strategic importance for the defense of the Naḵjavān khanate. It was initially constructed on a European model, from plans furnished by Captain Lamie, a French engineer attached to the mission of General Gardane (q.v.). P. Avery, B. G. Fragner, J. B. Simmons a name first applied to the principal gold and silver coins issued by the Safavid king ʿAbbās I (1581-1629); it continued in use until the beginning of the 20th century. Y. Richard , ʿABD-AL-LAṬĪF B. ʿABDALLĀH KABĪR (d. 1048/1638), Indian literary figure. He was first attached to the retinue of Laškar Khan Mašhadī in Kabul and then to the court of Shah Jahān (1628-58), where he exercised the functions of dīvān-e tan and was given the title ʿAqīda Khan. He added a preface and supplement to the Botḵāna (q.v.) of Moḥammad Ṣūfī Māzandarānī, as well as a collection of biographical notices of poets entitled Ḵolāṣa-ye aḥvāl-e šoʿarāʾ (1021/1612-13). Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh , ABU’L-ʿABBĀS (or ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH), a Samanid poet from Rabenǰān, a city near Samarqand, south of the Soḡd river. He flourished in the first half of the 4th/10th century; a one-line fragment of his poetry praises the ruler Naṣr b. Aḥmad (r. 301-31/914-42) at the beginning of the year 331/914, and another fragment laments his passing and congratulates Nūḥ I on his accession (Lazard, Premiers poètes II, lines 1, 18-22). R. Skelton a Safavid miniature painter, whose known works include seventeen signed and dated examples executed between the years 1060/1650 and 1095/1683-84. Throughout his career it was his normal practice to sign his paintings with an obsequious formula which was written in minute characters, usually in a small rectangular panel of uncolored paper placed within the foreground vegetation. C. E. Bosworth in Iran. The aim of the present article is not to give a chronological history of Persia under ʿAbbasid rule but to examine some of the main trends affecting the political, religious, and cultural development of Persia during the period when ʿAbbasid rule was effective there—essentially from the middle of the 2nd/8th century to the opening decades of the 4th/10th century. D. Pingree (or BARJANDĪ), NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN, productive Islamic astronomer, said to have died in 934/1527-28 (although the authority for this date is unclear). F. Robinson a leading 18th century Indian theologian of the Ḥanafī school. Born in Lucknow in 1144/1731, he was the son of Mollā Neẓām-al-dīn (q.v.), a member of the Ferangī Maḥal family and founder of the Dars-e Neẓāmīya. ʿAbd-al-ʿAlī studied under his father and, sometime after the latter’s death, succeeded him. Hameed ud-Din “QAMAR,” government official, historian, biographer, translator, and grammarian in British India. He was born at Ḵorǰa near Bolandšahr in the early 19th century. His father, Ḥakīm ʿOmar Khan Aḥmadī Ḵešgī, died when ʿAbd-al-ʿAlīm was only ten years old. After his father’s death, ʿAbd-al-ʿAlīm moved to Nizamabad in Azamgarh district, where his uncle, Fatḥ Khan, was taḥsīldār (revenue officer). W. Madelung , ABU’L-QĀSEM B. ʿABDALLĀH B. ʿALĪ B. AL-ḤASAN B. ZAYD B. AL-ḤASAN B. ʿALĪ B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB, Shiʿite ascetic and transmitter buried in the main sanctuary of Ray. Little is known about his life. He must have been born before the year 200/815, probably in Medina. There he was a companion of Imams Moḥammad al-Javād (203-20/818-35) and ʿAlī al-Hādī (220-54/835-68). D. Duda painter of the Safavid period. According to the historian Qāẓī Aḥmad, both father and son were excellent painters from Kāšān. The son owed his artistic training to Shah Ṭahmāsp (930-84/1524-76) and was employed in the royal workshops at Tabrīz, but he was severely punished by the king for counterfeiting a seal, and had his ears and nose cut off. On the other hand, the historian Moṣṭafā-ʿAlī tells us that he was born in Isfahan, that Shah Ṭahmāsp was his pupil, and that he lost his nose for attempting to flee to India with another painter and a page. M. H. Siddiqi Toghay-Timurid (Janid) dynast of the Uzbeks, r. 1057-91/1647-80 in Bokhara. His father held Balḵ and Badaḵšān, while Naḏr’s elder brother, Emām-qolī, was khan at Bokhara (1020-51/1611-41). Together they maintained Uzbek independence against the advance of Safavid power in Khorasan under Shah ʿAbbās I. Emām-qolī’s diplomacy, and perhaps Naḏr’s claim to descent from Imam ʿAlī al-Reża (through his mother), helped alleviate Safavid-Uzbek hostility. See MEDICINE: MUSLIM INDIA. T. Yazici (d. 1197/1782-83), an Ottoman physician, son of the Ottoman historian Ṣobḥī. He served as chief physician at the palace and, knowing French and Latin in addition to Persian, translated into Turkish the Persian works Ašǰār o aṯmār of ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn ʿAlīšāh Ḵᵛārazmī al-Boḵārī (d. 1291?) dealing with astronomy and Borhān al-kefāya. Azduddin Khan , SHAH, celebrated Sunni theologian and mystic. Born in Delhi on 25 Ramażān 1159/11 October 1746, he claimed Arab ancestry traceable to the second caliph ʿOmar (Shah Valīallāh, al-Emdād fī maʿāṯer al-aǰdād, Delhi, n.d., p. 1). Fifteen generations of his family had lived in India, holding respectable military and academic positions throughout the Mughal period. His paternal grandfather, Shah ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm, had been among the important theologians and mystics of his time. T. Yazici (1591-1658), an Ottoman historian and the translator of some Persian works, born in Istanbul in 1000/1591. He was the son of Ḥosām-al-dīn Ḥosayn, a judge (kadi) of Rumeli. After finishing his studies he served as modarres in various madrasas, and at one point became kadi of Istanbul. Afterwards he was banished to Cyprus; but after returning from exile, he became the military judge (kadıasker) of Rumeli. He was šayḵ-al-eslām in 1061/1651 and died on 6 Rabīʿ II 1068/11 January 1658. Yu. Bregel B. ʿOBAYDALLĀH KHAN, Shaibanid ruler of Bokhara. He was born in Bokhara in 917/1511-12 or in 918/1512-13, according to Tārīḵ-e Rāqemī (see Abu’l-Ḡāzī, II, p. 239, n. 2), or in 920/1514. A. Bausani, D. MacEoin epithet assumed by ʿAbbās Effendi, the eldest son of Bahāʾallāh (q.v.), founder of the Bahaʾi movement. The epithet means “servant of the glory of God” or “servant of Bahāʾallāh.” T. Yazici (d. 1746 A.D.), Ottoman scholar, son of Shaikh Laʿlī Meḥmed, the grandson of Sarı ʿAbdallāh (q.v.), a commentator on the Maṯnavī. After receiving a good education he became the teacher of the grand vizier ʿAlī Pasha; and after the latter’s defeat in the Morea, he was banished to the island of Lemnos. Hameed ud-Din Mughal noble and biographer. He was born in 978/1570 at Julak near Nahāvand, which his ancestors had held in rent-free tenure from the Safavid king Shah Esmāʿīl. ʿAbd-al-Bāqī’s father, Ḵᵛāǰa Āqā Bābā, a Kurdish poet who had adopted the pen name of Modrekī, was appointed by Shah ʿAbbās I as the vizier and nāẓer of Hamadān. ʿAbd-al-ʿAlī Kārang , MĪR, called DĀNEŠMAND, religious scholar and notable of Azerbaijan (d. 1039/1629-30). He was learned in philosophy and mathematics and skilled in Arabic poetry. He also wrote good Persian poetry, using the pen name (taḵalloṣ) Bāqī, and was expert in the calligraphic styles called ṯolṯ, nasḵ, and nastaʿlīq. His youth was passed in Tabrīz, where he benefited from the presence of the famous calligrapher ʿAlā Beg Tabrīzī. P. P. Soucek Safavid official and poet skilled in calligraphy, killed at the battle of Čālderān (q.v.) in Raǰab 920/August 1514. He was a descendant of the founder of the Neʿmatallāhī order, Nūr-al-dīn Neʿmatallāh (q.v.; 730-834/1330-1431). F. Robinson , QĪĀM-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD, early 20th century Indian scholar and pīr of the Ferangī Maḥal (q.v.) family. Born in Lucknow in 1295/1878, he was descended on his father’s side from a distinguished line of pīrs and on his mother’s side from Mollā Ḥaydar, who had established the Hyderabad branch of the Ferangī Maḥal family. ʿAbd-al-Bārī was brought up in Lucknow, where he studied under many teachers, notably his uncle ʿAbd-al-Bāqī. H. Algar (ca. 1200-64/1786-1848), a scribe and minor author of the mid-Qajar period. He was born into a clerical family in Kasalān, a village in the Garmrūd area near Tabrīz. Against his father’s wishes, he entered government service early in his youth as an accountant in Mīāna. After a time he was transferred to Tabrīz, where he enjoyed the patronage first of Mīrzā Masʿūd Anṣārī and then of ʿAbbās Mīrzā, the crown prince. M. B. Badakhshani Indian scholar of Persian and Arabic. He left two works. 1. Meftāḥ al-maʿānī, a commentary in six daftars on the Maṯnavī of Rūmī, was collected by the author’s pupil, Hedāyatallāh, in 1049/1639-40. M. Baqir MEO, MAWLAVĪ MOḤAMMAD (poetical name, ḠANĪ), Indian literary scholar. He was born and raised in Farrukhabad, but the exact date of his birth is not known. He joined the education service in Hyderabad (Deccan) as a teacher of Arabic and Persian, eventually becoming chairman of the Arabic department in the Madrasa-ye Fawqānīya in Hyderabad. He died in retirement on 15 October 1916. H. Algar , ĀYATALLĀH ḤĀJJ SAYYED (1305-82/1888-1962), a Šīʿī scholar of Naǰaf, highly regarded for his learning and piety. His father, Mīrzā Esmāʿīl Šīrāzī, also a faqīh, was a cousin of the celebrated Mīrzā Ḥasan Šīrāzī (q.v.) the moǰadded, and had worked with him in establishing a new center of Šīʿī learning and guidance at Sāmarrā. W. Madelung , ʿEZZ-AL-DĪN ABŪ ḤĀMED B. HEBATALLĀH B. MOḤAMMAD B. MOḤAMMAD B. AL-ḤOSAYN AL-MADĀʾENĪ, Muʿtazilite scholar and man of letters. He was born in Madāʾen on 1 Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa 586/30 December 1190; his family was Shafeʿite, his father a judge. ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd came to Baghdad at an early age, for he mentions his presence as a boy (ḡolām) at a social gathering in the house of the librarian of the Neẓāmīya college there. ... P. P. Soucek full name: ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. ʿABD-AL-MAJĪD B. ŠOKRALLĀH MALEK-AL-KALĀMĪ, calligrapher, poet, and government official. Born in Sanandaǰ in 1302/1884-85, he died in Tehran on 4 Mehr 1328 Š./26 September 1949 (Bāmbād, Reǰāl V, p. 142; Bayānī, Ḵošnevīsān, pp. 371, 376). His earliest education stressed the Koran and Islamic traditions, and he made the pilgrimage to Mecca with his father while still a boy. ... C. E. Bosworth B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿABD-AL-SAMAD ŠĪRĀZĪ, vizier of the Ghaznavids in the late 5th/11th to early 6th/12th century. He is described as serving Sultan Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd (451-92/1059-99) for twenty-two years and then his son Masʿūd III (492-508/1099-1115) for all sixteen years of his reign, which would mean that he first became Ebrāhīm’s vizier in 470/1077-78. He came, as did many of the Ghaznavids’ servants, from a family deeply imbued with the traditions of secretarial and official service, with origins as far back as the Samanids. ... G. C. Anawati B. ʿAMMŌYA B. YŪNOS (or YŪSOF) B. ḴALĪL TABRĪZĪ ḴOSROWŠĀHĪ, ŠAMS-AL-DĪN ABŪ MOḤAMMAD (580-652/1184-1254), physician, theologian, philosopher, and jurist. He was born in the village of Ḵosrowšāh near Tabrīz. ... D. Pingree B. TORK, ABU’L-FAŻL MOḤAMMAD, mathematician, often referred to as Ebn Tork. A native of Ḵottal (north of the Oxus and west of Badaḵšān) or Gīlān, he apparently flourished at the beginning of the 2nd/9th century. ... W. N. Brinner B. SAʿD (d. 132/750), an important figure in the development of Arabic epistolary style, especially in the stablishment of chancery style during the Omayyad period. The details of both his birth and death are in dispute; he was probably a native of Anbār on the Euphrates and may have been a descendant of a Persian captive at the battle of Qādesīya. ... R. M. Eaton 17th-century Indo-Persian historian and author of the Pādšāhnāma, the official account of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (1037-67/1628-57). Little is known of ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd’s early life, as he did not come into prominence until an advanced age, after he had already retired to the city of Patna in Bihar. Looking for an historian to highlight the major events of his reign, Shah Jahān summoned ʿAbd-al-Ḥamīd to the Mughal court on the recommendation of his vizier. ... N. H. Zaidi ḤAQQĪ, noted Mughal traditionist, historian, essayist, and biographer of saints. Born at Delhi in 958/1551, he was the son of Sayf-al-dīn b. Saʿdallāh and traced his ancestry back to Āgā Moḥammad Tork, who migrated to India from Bokhara and enjoyed the rank of amir under late Ḵalǰī and early Toḡloq rulers. His father’s instruction gave him a taste for mysticism, and he also studied at Fatḥpūr Sīkrī (q.v.). ... M. Baqir full name: ʿABD-AL-ḤAYY B. ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ, “ṢĀREM” AWRANGĀBĀDĪ (1142-96/1729-82), administrator, poet, and biographer. In 1162/1749 the Neẓām of Hyderabad, Nāṣer Jang (1161-64/1748-50), appointed him dīvān (civil governor) of Berar, and under Ṣalābat Jang he served as governor of Awrangabad and commandant of the fort of Dawlatabad. He fell from power after his father’s dismissal in 1170/1757 but later was restored to favor, becoming dīvān of the Deccan under Neẓām ʿAlī Khan (1175-1217). ... F. Robinson MOḤAMMAD (1264-1304/1848-86), Indian theologian from the distinguished Farangī Maḥall family (q.v.). His father, Mawlavī ʿAbd-al-Ḥalīm (1239-85/1822-68), was a noted teacher, writer, and judge in Hyderabad (Deccan). His mother was a granddaughter of Malek-al-ʿolamāʾ Mollā Ḥaydar, who established the Hyderabad branch of the Farangī Maḥall family. Born in Banda, Uttar Pradesh, ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy studied under his father, Mawlavī Ḵādem Ḥosayn, and Mawlānā Neʿmatallāh. ... P. P. Soucek miniaturist of the late 8th/14th century and the beginning of the 9th/15th century. D. Duda a calligrapher at the Safavid court in Isfahan in the time of Shah ʿAbbās I. He was the pupil of the famous calligrapher Mīr ʿEmād. Mīr ʿEmād had settled in Isfahan in 1008/1599-1600, where he died in 1024/1615 or 1027/1618. ʿAbd-al-Jabbār died in Isfahan in the year 1065/1655. Among his oeuvre are a Ḵamsa of Neẓāmī in the National Library in Paris (Suppl. pers. 1029) dated 1033/1624, which includes thirty-five miniatures of Ḥaydar-qolī, and a Golestān of Saʿdī from the year 1043/1633-34 in the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, both apparently written in Isfahan. ... D. Duda full name: ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. ḤĀJJĪ ʿALĪ MONŠĪ ASTARĀBĀDĪ, calligrapher of the taʿlīq script and bookpainter. He worked at the court of Khan Aḥmad II of Gīlān (943-75/1536 to 1567-68) in the latter’s first period of government. After Khan Aḥmad rebelled against Shah Ṭahmāsp and was arrested, ʿAbd-al-Jabbār went to Qazvīn, the Safavid capital, where he established an atelier for painters. ... D. M. Dunlop governor of Khorasan, executed in 142/759. An ʿAbbasid partisan, he was in command at Ṭūs in 130/748. Under the caliphs Saffāḥ and Manṣūr, he served as chief of police (ṣāḥeb al-šorṭa); he vacated that office in favor of his brother ʿOmar when Manṣūr appointed him governor of Khorasan in 140/758. Soon after his arrival there (Rabīʿ I, 141/July, 758), ʿAbd-al-Jabbār reported ʿAlid activity in Khorasan and obtained some kind of commission from Manṣūr to deal with it. ... W. Madelung B. ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. AḤMAD B. ḴALĪL B. ʿABDALLĀH AL-HAMADĀNĪ AL-ASADĀBĀDĪ, ʿEMĀD-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN, qāżī al-qożāt (chief judge) of Ray and the most prominent theologian of the late Muʿtazilite school. He was born in Asadābād, southwest of Hamadān, probably between 320/932 and 325/937. His father was, according to Tawḥīdī, a peasant (fallāḥ; variant: ḥallāǰ, “cotton carder”). ... W. Madelung , NAṢĪR-AL-DĪN ABŪ RAŠĪD B. ABU’L-ḤOSAYN B. ABU’L-FAŻL, Emāmī Shiʿite scholar, preacher, and author, b. probably early in the 6th/12th century. He or his family originated from Qazvīn, but he lived most of his life in Ray. A few facts about his life can be gleaned from biographical sources and from his own Ketāb al-naqż. Among his teachers was his elder brother Awḥad-al-dīn Abū ʿAbdallāh Ḥosayn, whom he describes as the pīr and moftī of the Emāmīya in Ray and on whose authority he related Hadith. ... M. Siddiqi major 17th/18th century Indo-Muslim litterateur. He was born at Belgram in 1071/1661. His father, Mīr Aḥmad, was a noted calligrapher and philologist belonging to the Vāseṭī Sayyeds who had emigrated to Belgram in 614/1217-18. ... K. A. Nizami teacher and distinguished saint of the Selsela-ye Ḵᵛāǰagān (Naqšbandī order), d. 617/1220. His birthplace, the modern Gizhduvan in Uzbekistan, was an important commercial center, according to Samʿānī [Leiden], fol. 406b). His father, ʿAbd-al-Jamīl, had originally lived at Malatya (Melitene). At the age of 22, ʿAbd-al-Ḵāleq became the disciple of Ḵᵛāǰa Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsof Hamadānī. ... P. Oberling an Arab tribe of Ḵūzestān. It was originally affiliated with the Bani Lām tribal confederacy and resided in the region of ʿAmāra, in what is today Iraq. Around 1850, it moved to Iran. N. H. Zaidi , MONŠĪ MOḤAMMAD, early 19th century Indo-Persian historian (d. ca. 1851). At a time when ornate literary conventions still prevailed, he was notable for his simplicity of narration. In recording events, he relied on oral and written accounts of participants and eyewitnesses. He was, however, somewhat credulous and occasionally recorded nonexistent persons and events. ... M. Zand more fully: MĪR[ZĀ] ʿABD-AL-KARĪM B. MĪR ESMĀʿĪL BOḴĀRĪ, (d. after 1246/1830-31), Bokharan traveler and memorialist. Data regarding him are found in his one known work, which was left untitled (Histoire, ed. C. Schefer; see bibliog.). As his nesba shows, he was apparently born in or near Bokhara. H. Algar (or JAZĪ, 1272-1339/1856-1921), a respected religious leader of Isfahan. Born to one Mollā Mandī in the village of Gaz (or Jaz) to the north of Isfahan, he studied the religious sciences, first in Isfahan under Moḥammad Ṣādeq Ketābforūš and Mīrzā Moḥammad Ḥasan Naǰafī, then under a succession of teachers in the ʿatabāt (the shrines of Iraq), the most important of whom was Mīrzā Ḥabīballāh Raštī. ... See JĪLĪ, ʿABD-AL-KARĪM. S. Maqbul Ahmad full name: ʿABD-AL-KARĪM B. ḴᵛĀJA ʿĀQEBAT MAḤMŪD B. ḴᵛĀJA BOLĀQĪ KAŠMĪRĪ, a noted chronicler of Nāder Shah’s military campaigns. Little is known of his birth or early life. A Kashmiri by origin, ʿAbd-al-Karīm was living in Shahjahanabad (old Delhi) when Nāder Shah entered the city in 1151/1739. Being keen to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca and to visit the tombs of Muslim saints, he joined the service of Nāder Shah as a clerk (motaṣaddī) and accompanied him on his return journey to Persia. ... P. P. Soucek full name: ʿABD-AL-KARĪM B. ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN ḴᵛĀRAZMĪ, a poet and calligrapher living in western Iran during the late 9th/15th century. He is usually mentioned in relation to his brother, ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm, or his father, ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān. Various authors, including Sām Mīrzā, Qāżī Aḥmad, and Ḥakīm Shah Moḥammad Qazvīnī, speak of the great similarity between the handwriting of the two brothers. ... M. Baqir , SHAH, Sufi poet of Sind. Born in the village of Haveli, near Hala, in the district of Hyderabad, in 1101/1689, he eventually established a small settlement near his native town and named it Bhit (“sandhill”). Details of his life are lacking. After his death in 1165/1752, Ḡolām Šāh Kalhōrō (amir of Sind, 1172-85/158-71) had a mausoleum built in his honor at Bhit. It became a shrine for his followers and later devotees, who congregated there to recite and sing his poetry. ... C. P. Haase , SULTAN, Timurid ruler in Samarqand from Ramażān, 853/October, 1449 to 26 Rabīʿ I 854/8 May 1450. He was the son of Uluḡ Beg (q.v.) and Roqyā Ḵātūn Arolat (Moʿezz al-ansāb, fol. 140b.) but was raised at his grandfather Šāhroḵ’s court in Herat according to Timurid custom. Rivalries with his cousin ʿAlāʾ-al-dawla forced him to return to his father’s court in Samarqand in 1442-42, but he was brought back to Herat by his grandmother Gōhar Šād Āḡā. ... P. P. Soucek revered as the calligrapher who gave šekasta script its definitive form. Born in the Ṭālaqān district of Qazvīn about 1150/1737-38, he was educated in Isfahan where he died (1185/1771-72). Of an ascetic disposition, he is also known as Darvīš ʿAbd-al-Maǰīd (Fażāʾelī, Aṭlas, pp. 618-19; Bāmdād, Reǰāl II, p. 301). He composed poetry using as taḵalloṣ both Maǰīd and Ḵāmūš. ... D. Pingree , ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, astronomer, fl. ca. 600/1203-04; there is a manuscript dated in that year of his revision of Helāl b. Abū Helāl and Ṯābet b. Qorra’s translation of the Conica of Appolonius. ʿAbd-al-Malek also wrote a Moḵtaṣar ketāb al-maǰesṭī (“Epitome of the Almagest” [of Ptolemy]); this was translated into Persian. ... C. E. Bosworth B. MANṢŪR, ABU’L-FAVĀRES, the penultimate ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Khorasan and Transoxania, r. 389/999. In the decade of the 380s/990s, the Samanid amirate was being subverted internally by the rivalries of ambitious Turkish military commanders and was attacked externally after 382/992 by the Qarakhanid Turkish ruler from beyond the Syr Darya, Boḡra Khan Hārūn, and his successors. ʿAbd-al-Malek’s predecessor Abu’l-Ḥāreṯ Manṣūr is praised by the Ghaznavid historian Bayhaqī for his good qualities, but during his two years’ reign he was unable to break out from under the control of the Turkish general Fāʾeq Ḵāṣṣa and the vizier Abu’l-Moẓaffar Moḥammad Barḡašī. ... C. E. Bosworth , ABU’L-FAVĀRES, ruler of the Samanid dynasty in Transoxania and Khorasan, 343-350/954-61. The historian of Bokhara, Naršaḵī, and the Ghaznavid historian Gardīzī accord him the designation of al-Amīr al-Rašīd, but it appears from his coins that he was called al-Malek al-Movaffaq during his lifetime, and it seems that he was referred to after his death as al-Malek al-Moʾayyad. P. Oberling a Lek tribe of Māzandarān. Long ago (possibly during the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I, when many tribes were transplanted from western Iran to the northeastern marches), the ʿAbd-al-Malekīs were moved from Kurdistan to the Darragaz (Moḥammadābād) area of Khorasan. There they were absorbed by the Qašqāʾī tribal confederacy when it was moved from Fārs to the Darragaz, Kalāt-e Nāderī, and Saraḵs regions by Nāder Shah. ... R. D. McChesney B. ESKANDAR B. JĀNĪ BEG B. ḴᵛĀJĀ MOḤAMMAD B. ABU’L-ḴAYR, ABU’L-FATḤ, generally reckoned as the eleventh khan of the Shaibanid (Abu’l-Ḵayrī) dynasty of Māvarāʾ al-Nahr and Balḵ. He was born on 16 Raǰab 975/16 January 1568. Little is known of his early life; he was circumcised at age ten and is mentioned as having taken part in the Oloḡ Tāḡ campaign conducted by his father in the spring of 1582. ... D. Pingree 10th/16th century astronomer. He apparently was commissioned to build an observatory at Isfahan by the Safavid Shah Ṭahmāsp I (1524-76). The king would have been pursuing the aborted design of his predecessor, Shah Esmāʿīl I (1502-24), to restore the observatory at Marāḡa. ʿAbd-al-Monʿem in any case planned an observatory. About 1560 he wrote a Persian work whose title is lost in the unique manuscript; it is usually called by modern scholars the Ketāb taʿlīm ālāt-e zīǰ (“Book of instruction on astronomical instruments”). ... K. A. Nizami , SHAIKH, Mughal traditionist, for a time much esteemed by the emperor Akbar. He was a grandson of the noted Češtī saint, Shaikh ʿAbd-al-Qoddūs Gangōhī (q.v., d. 944/1537). He visited the Hejaz several times and pursued Hadith studies there. He spurned his family’s tradition of mysticism, adopting the ways of externalist scholars (ʿolamāʾ-e ẓāher) even to the extent of criticizing his father, who had written a resala in support of Sufi musical gatherings (maǰāles-e samāʿ). ... M. Baqir storyteller and poet (pen name FAḴR-AL-ZAMĀNĪ), b. about 998/1590 at Qazvīn. His father, Ḵalaf Beg, was a merchant who, after performing the pilgrimage, became a dervish, and died in 1001/1593-94 from the plague. ʿAbd-al-Nabī’s maternal grandfather, Faḵr-al-zamān, of whom he was very fond, was qāżī (judge) of Qazvīn and a direct descendant of Ḵᵛāǰa ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī. ... M. Baqir full name: ʿABD-AL-NABĪ B. QĀŻĪ ʿABD-AL-RASŪL ʿOṮMĀNĪ AḤMADNAGARĪ, 12th/18th century Gujerati scholar. Little is known about his life history, although he was allegedly affiliated with the discipline of the famous Šaṭṭārī saint and scholar, Shah Vaǰīh-al-dīn ʿAlavī. A number of books have been ascribed to him. ... E. Baer metalworker of the late 7th/13th century and early 8th/14th century. His one attested signed work is a silver and gold-inlaid brass bowl (Galleria Estense, Modena, no. 8082). It is dated Moḥarram, 705/July-August, 1305 and is the first dated specimen of a series of similarly shaped west Persian bowls with walls which strongly project up to about half their height and retract in a sharp curve toward the lip. ... T. Yazici (1839-1923), an Ottoman Sufi and poet who came originally from Balḵ. He was born at Ḵānqāh, one of the villages of the city of Qondoz. His father was Sayyed Solaymān Ḥosaynī, an important personage of the sādāt-e Ḥosaynīya (sayyeds descending from Ḥosayn). In 1272/1855-56 ʿAbd-al-Qāder went to Konya together with his father. After staying there for a time he went first to Bursa and then to Istanbul upon the invitation of the Ottoman sultan, ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz. ... M. Baqir full name: ʿABD-AL-QĀDER B. SAYYED MOḤAMMAD HĀŠEM B. SAYYED MOḤAMMAD ḤOSAYNĪ, Persian-language poet, biographer, and commentator of Sind (fl. late 10th to early 11th cent. A.H.). Of his poetry, the only extant specimens are verses in praise of Ḵosrow Khan, a noble at the court of the Arghunid ruler at Thatta, Mīrzā Jānī Beg (993-1008/1584-99). These are found in ʿAbd-al-Qāder’s biographical work on the saints of Sind, Ḥadīqat al-awlīāʾ. ... B. Lawrence , MOḤYĪ-AL-DĪN ABŪ MOḤAMMAD B. ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ JANGĪDŌST, noted Hanbalite preacher, Sufi shaikh and the eponymous founder of the Qāderī order (selsela). He was born in 470/1077-78 in the Persian province of Gīlān (Jīlān), south of the Caspian Sea. Though his family lineage has been traced by overzealous hagiographers to Ḥasan, the grandson of the Prophet, his father’s nickname (Jangīdōst) suggests Persian descent. ... M. Aslam , MĪRZĀ (better known as MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD ĀḠĀ JĀN), author of Avīmāq-e Moḡol. His ancestors had served Nāder Shah and Aḥmad Shah Dorrānī; his grandfather, Mīrzā Shah Moḥammad Khan Birlas, entered the service of the British after the fall of Shah Šoǰāʿ. Eventually, after the Indian Revolt of 1857, he settled at Sonkhara in Gwalior. ... M. Baqir late Mughal biographer, commonly called ḠOLĀM QĀDER KHAN. He was the son of Mawlavī Vāṣel ʿAlī Khan, chief justice (qāżī al-qożāt) of Bengal. In is youth he enjoyed the company of two renowned historians ʿAlī Ebrāhīm Khan Ḵalīl (q.v.) and Sayyed Ḡolām Ḥosayn Khan Ṭabāṭabāʾī. ... D. Pingree , ḤASAN, 10th/16th century astronomer. Apparently from Ṭabarestān, he seems to have served the rulers of Gīlān; he dedicated his Zīǰ-e molaḵḵaṣ-e Mīrzāʾī (“Compendious astronomical tables for Mīrzā,” composed in 891/1486) to Sultan Mīrzā ʿAlī (1478-1505) and his al-Toḥfat al-neẓāmīya (“The Neẓām’s gift”) to Sultan Yaḥyā Kīā. ... K. Abu Deeb , ABŪ BAKR B. ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN, celebrated grammarian, rhetorician, and literary theorist, born in Gorgān (date unknown), where he died in 471/1078. Despite his fame and the fact that one of his earliest biographers, Bāḵarzī, was a neighbor of his, little is known about his life and education. The richness of cultural life in Gorgān in his time is evident from the range and depths of his interests and vast knowledge, particularly as he is reported to have received his education in Gorgān itself, not traveling “in search of knowledge” as was customary. ... See BAḠDĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-QĀHER. P. Oberling an eastern Arabian tribe. In ancient times, it moved from what is today the province of al-ʿĀreż to the island of Baḥrayn and the nearby coastal areas. The ʿAbd-al-Qays and other tribes of the Persian Gulf littoral frequently raided southern Iran. When he became of age, Šāpūr II (q.v.; r. A.D. 309-79) made it his first order of business to punish these predators. He led an army across the Persian Gulf and devastated large parts of Arabia and Syria, slaughtering most of the ʿAbd-al-Qays on the way. ... R. D. McChesney B. SOLṬĀN PĀYANDA MOḤAMMADZĀY SARDĀR, called ŠAGASĪ, prominent Afghan military and political figure of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born around 1840, a nephew of the Amīr Dūst Moḥammad Khan, and was associated early with ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān b. Moḥammad Afżal b. Dūst Moḥammad. In the late 1860s he was governor of Tāšqorḡān while Afghan Turkestan was under ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān’s control. ... B. B. Lawrence Indo-Muslim saint and litterateur, pivotal member in the Ṣāberīya Češtīya, a branch limited to present-day Uttar Pradesh and Pakistan but enormously influential among the ımigréelite of that large region. Żīā-al-dīn Sajjādī , ŻĪĀ-AL-DĪN B. ABU’L-FATḤ, poet, grammarian, and physician, first attached to the court of Ḵosrow Malek (555-82/1160-76), the last Ghaznavid sultan. After the Ghurids seized power, he served them, and they respected him for his skill. The major portion of his poetry apparently has been lost. ... M. A. Chaghatai calligrapher of India (fl. late 10th-11th cent.). He was a native of Herat but, as a young man, went to India and entered the service of ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm Ḵān Ḵānān. According to the Maʾāṯer-e Raḥīmī, he gained a wide reputation for his nastaʿlīq hand while writing manuscripts for the Ḵān Ḵānān’s library. ... D. Pingree astronomer, d. 1026/1617. Nothing further seems to be known of his life. Two of his works survive: al-Zīǰ fi’l-falak (“Astronomical tables on the sphere”), and Resāla fi’l-kawākeb al-ṯābeta (“Epistle on the fixed star”). P. P. Soucek calligrapher and poet active in western Iran during the second half of the 9th/15th century. Apparently born and trained in Shiraz, where his father worked as a calligrapher, ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm’s style of calligraphy was influential there until the late 9th/15th century. The exact date of ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm’s birth is unknown; but a piece of calligraphy now in Istanbul states that it was copied during his 11th year, suggesting that he began his training at an early age. ... W. Madelung , ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, Muʿtazilite theologian of Baghdad. He must have been born before 220/835, since he began his theological studies still under the Muʿtazilite Jaʿfar b. Mobaššer (d. 234/848-49). His chief teacher of kalām (theology) seems to have been ʿĪsā b. Hayṯam Ṣūfī. He was also noted for his learning in Hadith and the law of inheritance (farāʾeż). ... Fazlur Rahman late Mughal scholar and the father of Shah Valīallāh (q.v.; d. 1138/1726). Born about 1053-54/1643-44, ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm was the second of three sons of Vaǰīh-al-dīn, a military officer of remarkable courage and integrity in the army of the Mughal emperors Shah Jahān and Awrangzēb. ... N. H. Zaidi (or ḴĀN-E ḴĀNĀN) B. MOḤAMMAD BAYRAM BEG ḴĀN ḴĀNĀN, distinguished general and statesman, patron of artists and poets. He was born at Lahore in 964/1556 (Maʾāṯer-e Raḥīmī II, p. 234) and was of the Bahārlū clan of the Qara Qoyonlū. In 1562, the year following his father’s assassination, he was brought to Akbar’s court, where he was raised. ... , AMIR. See AFGHANISTAN x. I. Abbas , ABŪ BAKR, a Hanafite jurist (d. 439/1047). Though originally from Saraḵs, he grew up in Baghdad, where his shaikh was the well-known Hanafite scholar Qodūrī (428/1037). He left Baghdad for Ḵūzestān, where Ebn al-Moštarī (436/1044), judge under the Buyid sultan Abū Kālīǰār, appointed him as the judge of Baṣra. A lean and not an outspoken person, Saraḵsī did not impress the Buyid vizier. ... H. H. Biesterfeldt Syrian author, a contemporary of Saladin (d. 589/1193). Although his nesba is also given as Šīrāzī, Tabrīzī, etc., his Syrian origin is attested by Ebn Qāżī Šohba (d. 874/1470; see his al-Kawākeb al-dorrīya fiʾ l-sīrat al-Nūrīya, ed. M. Zāyed, Beirut, 1971, pp. 70f.); and he shows a familiarity with north Syrian local units of weight, drugs, and trade conditions. ... P. Kunitzsch , ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, astronomer, especially well versed in knowledge of the fixed stars, b. 291/903 in Ray, d. 376/986. He seems to have spent his life in close relationship to the rulers of the Buyid dynasty in Iran and Mesopotamia, especially ʿAżod-al-dawla (d. 372/983). By his own statement, he visited Dīnavar in 335/946-47, and Isfahan in 337/948-49. ... M. G. Morony , ABŪ SAʿĪD, Arab general who campaigned in Sīstān; d. 50/670. He was a Meccan of the clan of ʿAbd Šams and a maternal cousin of ʿOṯmān b. ʿAffān. Originally called ʿAbd-al-Kaʿba, he was renamed ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān by Moḥammad when he converted to Islam. His public career began in the caliphate of ʿOṯmān, who relied on solidarity among his own kinsmen in governing the state. ... R. D. MacChesney an Uzbek amir of the Ūšūn (or Oyšūn) tribe (olūs) and a major military-administrative figure in Balḵ in the first half of the 11th/17th century. The record of his career, which spans more than three decades, begins with his participation in a campaign in Badaḵšān. The Toghay-timurid (Janid) ruler of Bokhara, Valī-Moḥammad Khan, had sent his nephew, Naḏr-Moḥammad b. Dīn-Moḥammad, to suppress the “Chaḡatāy mīrza,” Mīrzā Ḥasan, apparently in 1014/1605. ... Hameed ud-Din 17th century Mughal saint and biographer. He belonged to the Ṣāberī branch of the Češtī order (selsela), which had been founded at Kalyar (Saharanpur district, U.P., India) by ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn ʿAlī b. Aḥmad Ṣāber (d. 690/1291), a disciple of the illustrious Farīd-al-dīn Ganǰ-e Šakar of Pakpattan (d. 663/1265). ... P. P. Soucek calligrapher specializing in nastaʿlīq, active during the middle decades of the 9th/15th century. His earliest known work is dated to 839/1436 and his latest to 866/1462. During this period he resided first in Shiraz and then in Baghdad. The Turkish historian Moṣṭafā-ʿAlī claims that ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān lived until 886/1481 and was in the employ of Yaʿqūb b. Ḥasan Āq Qoyonlū, but this statement does not appear to be supported by other evidence and may derive from a confusion of ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān with his son ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm, who was a close associate of Yaʿqūb Āq Qoyonlū. ... DEHLAVĪ. See ŠĀHNAVĀZ KHAN. Y. Bregel full name: MĪRZĀ MOLLĀ ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN B. MOḤAMMAD LAṬĪF MOSTAJERR SAMARQANDĪ, late 19th century secretary (mīrzā). A Tajik, he was a native of Samarqand. For some years he was interpreter and secretary for the Russian orientalist, A. L. Kuhn, with whom he traveled in Central Asia. In 1870 they took part in a Russian military expedition to the lake Iskandar Kul in the upper Zarafšān valley (in the regions of Masča and Fālḡar). ... W. M. Thackston , SHAIKH, noted lexicographer attached to the court of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahān. He was born in Thatta, Sind, but little else is known of his life. Of his two dictionaries, the Arabic-Persian Montaḵab al-loḡat-e Šāh Jahānī, known as Rašīdī-e ʿarabī, was compiled from al-Qāmūs al-moḥīṭ of Maǰd-al-dīn Fīrūzābādī. ... P. P. Soucek a calligrapher and poet who served the Mughal ruler Shah Jahān (1037-58/1628-58). Born in Qazvīn to a family of Ḥasanī sayyeds, he studied calligraphy with his maternal uncle, Mīr ʿEmād Ḥasanī (q.v.), probably during the latter’s residence in Isfahan (ca. 1008-24/1599-1615; Bayānī, Ḵošnevīsān II, pp. 393, 521-26). After the assassination of Mīr ʿEmād in 1024/1615, his associates went into hiding and then fled Iran. ... C. E. Bosworth ʿEZZ-AL-DAWLA B. MAḤMŪD B. SEBÜKTIGĪN, Ghaznavid sultan, r. 441-44/1050-53. He succeeded to the amirate after the death of Mawdūd b. Masʿūd in Raǰab, 441/December, 1049 and the brief reigns of the child Masʿūd b. Mawdūd and of Bahāʾ-al-dawla ʿAlī b. Masʿūd. The actual date of ʿAbd-al-Rašīd’s accession is given by Ebn Bābā Qāšānī in his Ketāb raʾs māl al-nadīm. ... D. Duda name of two artists of the Safavid period. ... Hameed ud-Din full name: MĪR ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ B. MĪR ḤASAN-ʿALĪ ḤOSAYNĪ ḴᵛĀFĪ AWRANGĀBĀDĪ, titled NAVVĀB ṢAMṢĀM-AL-DAWLA ŠĀHNAVĀZ KHAN ṢAMṢĀM JANG, Mughal official and biographer, chiefly famous as the author of Maʾāṯer al-omarāʾ. He was descended from the Sayyeds of Ḵᵛāf, and one of his ancestors, Mīr Kamāl-al-dīn, had migrated to India in the reign of Akbar (1556-1605). ... W. Madelung 11th/17th-century theologian and philosopher (and poet under the pen name FAYYĀŻ). Little is known about his life; he came from Lāhīǰān but lived most of his later life in Qom. His teacher in philosophy was Mollā Ṣadrā Šīrāzī (d. 1050/1641). In his works Lāhīǰī frequently refers to him in laudatory terms as our teacher (ostāḏonā), and his dīvān contains several eulogies of him. ... E. Baer metalworker of the second half of the 6th/12th century. Two bronze objects are known which bear his signature, and these indicate (in agreement with his nesba) a Khorasanian workshop. These are a perfume sprinkler (Berlin, no. I 3565) and an inkwell (MMA, no. 48.108). Both objects are cast. The fluted body of the sprinkler and the cylindrical shape of the inkwell and its cover with a fluted dome are typical products of Khorasan in this period. ... J. Aubin first leader of the Sarbadār uprising of Bayhaq. His career, like the entire history of the Sarbadār’s, is related in a contradictory fashion by the Timurid period chroniclers. With appropriate details, he is pictured as violent and dissolute. Büchner (“Serbedārs,” EI1 IV, pp. 231-33) is astonished at this depiction, and Petrushevskiĭ sees in it the desire of “feudal” historiography to blacken the instigator of a popular uprising. ... J. R. Perry B. NAJAF-QOLĪ KHAN DONBOLĪ (1176-1243/1762-63 to 1827-28), literary biographer, poet, and historian of the early Qajar period. ʿAbd-al-Razzāq came of a family of turkicized Kurds, the Donbolī, who had long been dominant in the region of Ḵoy and Salmās in western Azerbaijan. His father Naǰaf-qolī served in Nāder Shah’s army and was appointed governor general (beglerbegī) of Tabrīz on his return to Azerbaijan in 1155/1742. ... See KĀŠĀNĪ. C. P. Haase , KAMĀL-AL-DĪN B. JALĀL-AL-DĪN ESḤĀQ, historian and scholar, b. 12 Šaʿbān 816/7 November 1413 in Herat, a son of the qāżī and imam of the Timurid ruler Šahroḵ’s court, d. Jomādā II, 887/July-August, 1482. He dedicated a commentary on the grammar of ʿAżod-al-dīn Īǰī (q.v.) to Šāhroḵ and was appointed qāżī of the court and royal camp after his father’s death in 841/1437. ... C. E. Bosworth , ABU’L-FATḤ B. AḤMAD B. ḤASAN, Ghaznavid vizier of the middle years of the 5th/11th century. He was the son of the famous minister of sultans Maḥmūd and Masʿūd I, Šams-al-kofāt Aḥmad b. Ḥasan Maymandī (q.v., d. 424/1032). The Maymandī family served the Ghaznavids for at least three generations. ... M. Bayat AMĪR MOʾAYYAD (d. 1249/1833), deputy-governor and powerful noble of Yazd. His father, Moḥammad-Ṭaqī Khan Bāfqī, had for forty years (in the Zand and early Qajar periods) dominated the political scene in Yazd and Kermān, either through direct rule or through his numerous sons and sons-in-law whom he had appointed to various local government posts. D. MacEoin , ḤĀJJ, SARKĀR ĀQĀ, fifth head of the Kermānī branch of the Šayḵī school of Shiʿism. Eldest son of the fourth head, Ḥāǰǰ Abu’l-Qāsem Khan, he was a great-grandson of the founder of the Kermān school, Ḥāǰǰ Moḥammad Karīm Khan. Born in Kermān on 7 Rabīʿ II 1340/8 December 1921, he studied there before spending a year at agricultural college in Tehran. ... M. Baqir B. YŪSOF ANṢĀRĪ, Mughal editor and author. He was a nephew of Akbar’s prime minister, Shaikh Abu’l-Fażl ʿAllāmī (q.v.). Soon after his uncle’s assassination in 1602, ʿAbd-al-Ṣamad began to collect his official letters. He completed this collection in 1015/1606-07. M. Bayat , FAḴR-AL-DĪN (d. 1216/1801), faqīh, author, and well-known Sufi master of the Neʿmatallāhī order. Sources do not give the date of his birth; they only mention that he was over sixty years of age when he died. In the holy cities of Naǰaf and Karbalā he studied the traditional religious sciences with the leading moǰtaheds of the time, Moḥammad-Bāqer Behbahānī, Sayyed Mahdī Baḥr-al-ʿolūm, and Sayyed ʿAlī Ṣāḥeb, and received the license of eǰtehād. ... S. Maqbul Ahmad DELĪR JANG, SAYF-AL-DAWLA, 17th-18th century north Indian politician, administrator, and patron of the arts. His real name was Ḵᵛāǰa ʿAbd-al-Raḥīm b. ʿAbd-al-Karīm. He belonged to a family from Samarqand which claimed descent from the illustrious 15th century Naqšbandī saint Ḵᵛāǰa Aḥrār (q.v.). Born in Agra during a short visit by his parents to India, he was taken back to Samarqand where he was educated and brought up. ... P. P. Soucek painter, calligrapher, and courtier; he entered the service of Homāyūn at Kabul in 956/1549 and remained an important artistic and governmental figure under Akbar (963-1014/1556-1605). Still active in 1008/1600, he appears to have died before the accession of Jahāngīr in 1014/1605. A painting recently in the art market bears an inscription stating it was painted by ʿAbd-al-Ṣamad during his 85th year, despite failing health, as a keepsake for his son (Moḥammad) Šarīf. ... A. Camps author and translator in the reigns of Akbar and Jahāngīr. He was a pupil of the Jesuit missionary at the Mughal court, Father Jerome Xavier (q.v.; 1549-1617), and collaborated in the latter’s Merʾāt al-qods yaʿnī dāstān-e ḥażrat-e ʿĪsā, a life of Christ. The work’s preface gives a date of completion in 1602, and the translation may have been done during Akbar’s Deccan campaign of 1598-1601. ... O. Watson a potter whose signature is found on a blue and black underglaze painted dish dated 971/1563. The center of the dish is decorated with a formal arabesque mesh, surrounded by a series of roundels containing the signs of the zodiac. The dish is important not only for its signature, but for the fact that it is one of the few pieces of pottery that can be securely dated to the 16th century. It is now preserved in the Islamic Museum, East Berlin. T. Yazici the son of a shaikh of the Naqšbandī order. Originally from Hamadān, he migrated to Egypt; after staying in a Mawlavī hospice in Cairo, he went to Medina, where he died in 954/1547. ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb reviewed and re-wrote Aflākī’s (q.v.) Manāqeb al-ʿārefīn, correcting some errors, removing some stories and tales, and inserting others with special attention to the histories and genealogies, and gave his work the title Ṯawāqeb al-manāqeb-e awlīāʾ Allāh. ... D. Pingree , ABŪ ʿOBAYD, pupil of Ebn Sīnā (980-1037), whose Resāla dar handasa (“Epistle on geometry”) he published after his master’s death (Storey, II/1, p. 3, no. 4). ʿAbd-al-Vāḥed wrote a Kayfīyat tartīb al-aflāk (“Manner of the arrangement of the celestial spheres”) and a treatise on times and eclipses. P. Nwyia (d. 177/793), Sufi, the leading personality among the ascetics trained in the school of Ḥasan Baṣrī (Lesān al-mīzān IV, p. 80). He established at ʿAbbādān (modern Ābādān) a Sufi house (rebāṭ) which Abu’l-ʿAtāhīa praised as a “beneficent innovation” (Dīvān, Beirut, 1909, p. 218). There Sufis gathered in a more or less stable community dedicated to prayer “in renunciation of the world” and, no doubt, in assemblies for recollection of God’s name (maǰāles al-ḏekr). ... F. Cağman and P. P. Soucek calligrapher active during the first half of the 10th/16th century. He is said to have been a disciple of Solṭān-ʿAlī Mašhadī; however, the only known manuscripts by him appear to have been copied in Turkey. Copies of the Persian Dīvān of Sultan Salīm I written by him are preserved in Istanbul (Topkapi Saray Library, Revan 737 and 738; Plate VII) and Tehran (the former Imperial Library). Another manuscript now in Tehran bears the notation that it was made on the order of Sultan Solaymān. ... D. Pingree 8th/14th century author. There is no positive proof that this individual was a Persian, though his association with Persians makes that conclusion plausible. His extant commentary on Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī’s Sī faṣl dar taqwīm or Resāla fī maʿrefat al-taqwīm (“Epistle on knowing the calendar”) was composed in 797/1394-95, while Ḥāǰǰī Ḵalīfa ascribes to him a commentary on the Molaḵḵaṣ fiʾ l- hayʾa (“Compendium of astronomy”) written by Jaḡmīnī in the early 14th century, as well as a Manẓūma fiʾ l-asṭorlāb (“Didactic poem on the astrolabe”), which he composed for his pupil, Moḥammad Šāh Fenārī. ... P. Saran chief judge (qāżī) in the reign of the Mughal emperor Awrangzēb. He was a native of Patan in Gujerat. The Bohrās (Vyohāra), a community of Hindu merchants, had converted to Shiʿite Islam in the 11th century but became Sunnites in the reign of Maḥmūd Begrā (1459-1511 A.D.). ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb’s learned grandfather, Sayyed Moḥammad Ṭāher Bohrā, was ruthless in persecuting the non-orthodox. ... P. P. Soucek a calligrapher of the 10th/16th century who lived most of his life in Mašhad. His fame derives largely from his association with his uncle, Solṭān-ʿAlī Mašhadī (q.v.), who treated ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb as a son. Neither his birth nor his death dates are known, but Qāżī Aḥmad remarks that during his residence in Mašhad (ca. 965-74/1557-67) ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb was a man of eighty. ... H. Javadi “NAŠĀṬ,” Qajar official and poet, born in 1759 into a family of well-known sayyeds in Isfahan, who were originally from Jahrom in Fārs. His grandfather ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb, being the governor of Isfahan, had left considerable wealth to his children. The young ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb was given a thorough traditional education, which included studies in Persian and Arabic literatures as well as theology, mathematics, and logic. ... A. Schimmel SARMAST ĀŠKĀR, late 18th-early 19th century Sindhi mystical poet. Sačal is one of the numerous poets in the Indus valley who composed mystical poetry not only in their native tongue, Sindhi, and its northern dialect, Siraiki, but also in Urdu and Persian. The grandson of a noted faqir, ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb was born in 1739 in Daraz (Drazan) near Ranipur in the Khaipur district of Upper Sind. He was educated in the local madrasa (traditional school), where he acquired knowledge of both Arabic and Persian; his uncle, ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq, instructed him in the mystical path and is praised by him as his true pīr. ... Ẕ. Ṣafā full name: EMĀM BADĪʿ-AL-ZAMĀN ʿABD-AL-VĀSEʿ B. ʿABD-AL-JĀMEʿ ḠARJESTĀNĪ JABALĪ, Persian poet, d. 555/1160. He was born to an ʿAlid family of Ḡarǰestān; to judge from his writing, he was well educated, especially in literature. He wrote panegyrics for Toğrel Takīn b. Moḥammad, who in 490/1097 gained control of Ḵᵛārazm. ... M. Dandamayev region in western Media, mentioned in Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions and annals (for references see S. Parpola, Neo-Assyrian Toponyms, Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1970, p. 2). The Assyrians received horses and other tribute from it. In the inscription of Shalmaneser III, it is placed southeast of Parsua and northeast of Bīt-Hamban (q.v.; see D. Schroeder, Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischen Inhalts, Heft 2, Leipzig, 1922, no. 113, col. IV, line 14). The Assyrian king Adad-nirari III (810-783 B.C.) claims that he conquered it. ... C. J. Brunner (Pkt. Avadagaṣa), “great king” of the Pahlava dynasty in Drangiana, Arachosia, Gandhāra, and perhaps loosely over the Indus region. He was a “nephew of Gondophares” (Pkt. gadaphara-bhrataputra), whom he succeeded, ruling ca. 50-60 A.D. Abdagases’ existence is attested solely by his coinage in copper and billon; it imitates Gondophares’ principal coin types and also bears that king’s tamga (perhaps a clan device). ... B. Reinert an eccentric religious devotee of Kūfa, who also lived for periods at Baghdad, late 2nd/8th to early 3rd/9th centuries. He and the “ʿAbdakites” who were named after him advanced the teaching that the acquisition and possession of worldly goods was permissible only under a righteous leader of the Muslim theocracy. Thus such activities were unlawful in their own time, and a person should acquire only what was absolutely necessary for survival (qūt). ... J. Chabbi (sing. badal/badīl, pl. abdāl/bodalāʾ), an Arabic technical term designating one of the categories of awlīāʾ (“friends of God,” Muslim saints). According to classical Sufi theory, as formulated in the 4th/10th century, a fixed number of abdāl/awlīāʾ are chosen by God and, by their presence, preserve universal equilibrium, especially during periods between prophets. They transmit baraka “blessing” and are considered able to perform karāmāt “charismata” but not moʿǰezāt “miracles,” which are the prerogatives of anbīāʾ “prophets. ... E. Glassen or ṬĀLEŠ (other forms of his name in Safavid sources are DEDE BEG QŪRČĪBĀŠĪ, ABDĀL ʿALĪ BEG, ʿABDĀL BEG), one of the seven trusted Qezelbāš amirs (ahl-e eḵteṣāṣ) who, after the death of Solṭān ʿAlī (898/1493), accompanied the latter’s young brother and designated master of the Safavid order, Esmāʿīl, to Lāhīǰān, where he found refuge from the persecution of the Āq Qoyonlū rulers. ... M. Imam , ḴᵛĀJA ABŪ AḤMAD, described by Jāmī as the foremost among the shaikhs of Češt. He was born in 260/874 (on 3 Jomādā II, according to Sawāṭeʿ al-anwār and Merʾāt al-asrār, but on 6 Ramażān, according to Ḵazīnat al-aṣfīāʾ). His father, Solṭān Farasnāfa, belonged to the local nobility. ... T. Yazici (1244-1303/1828-86), a Turkish poet who also wrote poetry in Persian. He was born in Konya. As his family was poor, he did not receive a systematic education. He entered the convent of Mawlānā Jalāl-al-dīn Rūmī and became the disciple of Emir Şah Kaygusuz, the keeper of the mausoleum (türbedar). After completing his studies with the Emir Şah, he took the pen name Abdāl; previously he had used Šemʿī, Nūrī, Šemsī and Nīāzī as pen-names. ... C. M. Kieffer ancient name of a large tribe, or more particularly of a group of Afghan tribes, better known by the name of Dorrānī since the reign of Aḥmad Šāh Dorrānī (1747-72). This tribal confederation groups the Pashtun clans of the west, which are to be distinguished from the Ḡilzī (sing. Ḡilzay), comprising those of the east. The eponymous ancestor of the Abdālī is said to be Abdāl, son of Tarīn, son of Ḵaršbūn. ... L. Mackie name appearing on four diverse, high-quality silks of the first half of the 17th century. While ʿAbdallāh could refer to a designer or weaver, it is more likely that he was a workshop entrepreneur who ordered a variety of silks inscribed with his name (the equivalent of 20th century labels). This is suggested by the structural and stylistic diversity of the four silks, three of which have motifs prominent in European and Mughal drawing. The patterns, drawing, and scale appear to parallel and be adapted from contemporary artistic styles. ... I. H. Siddiqi author of Tārīḵ-e Dāʾūdī, fl. early 17th century. Little is known of him personally. His history covers the Afghan rulers of the Delhi sultanate from the childhood of Sultan Bahlūl Lōdī (1451-89) to the fall of Sultan Moḥammad ʿĀdel Šāh Sūr (killed in 1555-56); the work is named after Dāʾūd Šāh Karranī (killed in 1576), the last Afghan ruler of eastern Hindustan. ... S. de Laugier de Beaureceuil AL-HERAVĪ, ABŪ ESMĀʿĪL, in Persian commonly called ḴᵛĀJA ʿABDALLĀH ANṢĀRĪ, one of the outstanding figures in Khorasan in the 5th/11th century: commentator of the Koran, traditionist, polemicist, and spiritual master, known for his oratory and poetic talents in Arabic and Persian. See EBN AL-BAYṬĀR. J. Lassner B. KORAYZ, ABŪ ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN, Arab general and governor active in Iran, b. in Mecca in 4/626. He belonged to the clan of ʿAbd Šams and was related to the future caliph ʿOṯmān b. ʿAffān. The latter, upon assuming the caliphate as a compromise candidate, found himself increasingly isolated from the old Muslims politically arrayed against him. ... C. P. Haase called Mīrzā Solṭān ʿAbdallāh Šīrāzī, grandson of Tīmūr’s son Šāhroḵ, born 27 Raǰab 836/19 March 1433 in Shiraz of Mehr Solṭān Ḵātūn, daughter of Alūčehra. By Šāhroḵ’s command he succeeded his father in the government of Fārs at the latter’s death. D. Pingree , ABŪ ḤAKĪM, mathematician, d. 476/1083-84. He was the pupil of Ḥosayn b. Moḥammad al-Vannī (killed in Baghdad in Ḏu’l-ḥeǰǰa, 451/January-February, 1060). According to Ebn Ḵallekān (tr. de Slane, I, p. 421), Ḵabrī wrote a Talḵīṣ fi’l-ḥesāb (“Summary concerning computation”). ŠĪRĀZĪ. See WAṢṢĀF. L. Richter-Bernburg B. BAḴTAVAYH, ABU’L-ḤOSAYN, medical author of the early 5th/11th century, of Vāseṭī background. His own name as well as his father’s name suggest that he may have been a convert to Islam, for ʿAbdallāh is a name typical of a neophyte. His father and grandfather, to judge from their Syro-Persian names, appear to have belonged to the indigenous Christian—probably Nestorian—Aramaic speaking population of Mesopotamia. ... D. M. Dunlop B. ẒABYĀN B. AL-ṢALT AL-SOLAMĪ, ABŪ ṢĀLEḤ, Arab military leader, governor of Khorasan, partisan of ʿAbdallāh b. al-Zobayr, d. 72/691-92. His adventurous life illustrates the possibilities open during the Arab conquests to men with the requisite qualities, irrespective of birth. Ebn Ḵāzem was apparently the son of a black mother whose name is variously given. ... H. Halm legendary founder of the Qarmatian-Ismaʿili doctrine and alleged forefather of the Fatimid dynasty. He is featured in an account dating back to an early 4th/10th century author, Ebn Rezām, which was disseminated by opponents of the Ismaʿilis. This account was the source upon which Aḵū Moḥsen, a šarīf of Damascus, drew for his widely circulated polemic against the Ismaʿilis (mid-4th/10th century); parts of it survive as lengthy quotations in Maqrīzī, Ebn al-Davādārī, Ebn Šaddād (in Ebn al-Aṯīr) and Nowayrī. ... D. M. Dunlop B. ʿABDALLĀH B. JAʿFAR AL-ṬAYYĀR B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB, a Talebid rebel in western Iran in 127-29/944-47. Of his birth and early life the sources tell us only that he was of noble Hāšemi descent on both sides. P. Nwyia , ABŪ ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN, 118-81/736-97, traditionist. The earliest notices of him date from the 4th/10th century, and their vivid depiction of his personality indicate how alive his memory remained in the Muslim community. ʿA. N. Monzavī , ABŪ BOḤAYR B. ḠANIM B. SAMʿĀN ASADĪ NAṢRĪ, Shiʿite governor of Ahvāz under the caliph Manṣūr (136-58/754-75), remembered as the transmitter of a short text, Resāla Ahwāzīya, addressed to him by Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq. According to a story related by ʿAmmār Seǰestānī, ʿAbdallāh was a Zaydī Shiʿite before he met the Imam on a trip to Medina. ... ʿA. Ḥabībī B. DĀVŪD VĀʿEẒ BALḴĪ, ABŪ BAKR, also known as ṢAFĪ AL-DĪN VĀʿEẒ, the author of an Arabic monograph on the city of Balḵ (d. after 610/1213). Little is known of his life except for a few references found in his work. He flourished in the 6th-7th/12th-13th century. He traveled in Khorasan and was in Bokhara in 582/1192 (Fażāʾel, pp. 166, 213). ... D. Pingree B. ABU’L-MOṬAHHAR AL-MAʿADĀNĪ, ŠAMS-AL-DĪN, an expert in geometry and the science of the stars, d. at Isfahan in late 570/1174-75. He apparently wrote works in both Persian and Arabic; none survives, and even the titles are unknown. C. E. Bosworth ḎU’L-YAMĪNAYN, governor of Khorasan for the ʿAbbasid caliphs (213-30/828-45) and most outstanding of the line of Taherid governors there. His tenure of power lasted for seventeen years, compared with the short ones of his father (less than two years) and of his brother and predecessor Ṭalḥa (six years), and so it was primarily he who established the fame and splendor of the Taherids and acquired a permanent place in later Arabic literature and culture. ... See ʿABDALLĀH MORVĀRĪD. H. Algar (1256-1328/1840-1910), theologian (moǰtahed) and a prominent leader of the constitutional movement. Born in Naǰaf in 1256/1840, he was descended from a prominent Shiʿite scholar of Baḥrayn, ʿAbdallāh al-Belādī from the village of al-Ḡorayfa, whose numerous offspring migrated to various centers of learning in Iraq and Iran. The task of ʿAbdallāh Behbahānī’s education was at first assumed by his father, Sayyed Esmāʿīl; but he later studied under more prominent scholars in Naǰaf, such as Ḥosayn Kūhkamaraʾī, Mīrzā Ḥasan Šīrāzī, and Shaikh Rāżī Naǰafī. ... P. P. Soucek a painter active in Bokhara during the middle decades of the 16th century. His paintings are very similar in theme and execution to those of his contemporary Maḥmūd Moḏahheb, who may have been trained in Herat. Both painters appear to have been in the employ of the Shaibanid Abu’l-Ḡāzī ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz (q.v.; 947-57/1540-49). Paintings signed by ʿAbdallāh are of two types: compositions showing strong influence from Herat painting of the late 15th and early 16th centuries and studies of couples, often in a garden setting, a theme which appears to have been especially popular in Bokhara. ... P. P. Soucek , ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN (“Ṭabbāḵ” or “Āšpaz”), mid-8th/15th century calligrapher active in Herat, Samarqand, and Mašhad. His major contribution appears to have been in designing monumental inscriptions for the Timurids, but he seems also to have worked as a gilder in the manuscript ateliers. A native of Herat, he apparently became a member of the Timurid court workshop during the reign of Šāhroḵ. ... P. P. Soucek a scribe and poet in the service of the Mughal emperors Akbar and Jahāngīr. While in their employ he signed calligraphy as Moškīn-qalam and composed poetry under taḵalloṣ Vaṣfī. B. W. Robinson court painter, b. ca. 1770; d. ca. 1850. Very little is known of him personally. R. Murdoch Smith, who had access to reliable oral sources, wrote that he “died at a great age in the beginning of the present Shah’s reign” (sc. Nāṣer-al-dīn, acc. 1848; Persian Art, London, 1876, p. 78). ... Yu. Bregel a ruler of Transoxania of the Šaybānīd (q.v.) dynasty, born in the year of the Dragon (thus Šarafnāma-ye šāhī; = 1532-33 A.D., 938-39 A.H., cf. W. Barthold in EI1 I, p. 26). In 918/1512-13, when the Šaybānī state was divided into appanages between the members of the ruling clan, ʿAbdallāh’s grandfather Jānībek Solṭān received the region of Karmīna and Mīānkāl. ... M. H. Siddiqi 10th/16th century Mughal noble and general and also briefly an autonomous ruler. H. Algar , SHAIKH (1256-1330/1840-1912), a theologian (moǰtahed) who, through his fatvās and proclamations, lent powerful support to the constitutional movement. He was born in Bārforūš (present-day Āmol); in his early youth, after preliminary studies in Iran, he proceeded to the ʿatabāt (q.v.) to study under the leading scholars of the day. He settled first in Karbalā, where his chief teachers were Zayn-al-ʿābedīn Māzandarānī and Shaikh Ḥasan Ardakānī, and then moved to Naǰaf, where he was to spend almost all the rest of his life. ... Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī (1211-62/1796-1846), eleventh son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah and governor of Ḵamsa (q.v.) province. His mother Kolṯūm Ḵānom came from a family of sayyeds of Pāzvār (Makārem I, p. 398), and he himself was the son-in-law of Solaymān Khan Qāǰār Eʿteżād-al-dawla (Tārīḵ-e ʿAżodī, p. 126; Montaẓem III, p. 97). In 1224/1809-10 he was appointed governor of Ḵamsa, residing at Zanǰān;. ... P. P. Soucek full name: ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN ʿABDALLĀH B. ŠAMS-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD MORVĀRĪD KERMĀNĪ (d. Raǰab, 922/August, 1516), Timurid court official, poet, scribe, and musician. His father, Moḥammad Morvārīd, had moved to Herat from Kermān during the reign of Abū Saʿīd (855-73/1451-69) and later became that ruler’s vizier. Subsequently he performed the same function for Ḥosayn Bāyqarā until retiring to become custodian (motavallī) at the shrine of ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī. ... M. Kohbach KÖPRÜLÜZĀDE, Ottoman statesman and commander-in-chief, d. 1148/1735, who campaigned in Azerbaijan. His father was the grand vizier Moṣṭafā Paša Köprülüzāde; on 2 Šaʿbān 1112/23 January 1700 he married the daughter of Fayżallāh Efendi, the šayḵ-al-eslām. Patronized by his father-in-law, he became vizier (12 Šaʿbān 1113/22 January 1701) and gained later the dignified rank of the military commander of Constantinople, the so-called Istanbul qāʾim-maqāmı. ... See QOṬBŠĀHĪ DYNASTY. P. P. Soucek influential calligrapher of the 8th/14th century in Iran (d. after 746/1345-46). He was the son of Ḵᵛāǰa MaǢ |